
PDA Technical Glossary
PDA Technical Reports are highly valued membership benefits because they offer expert guidance and opinions on important scientific and regulatory topics and are used as essential references by industry and regulatory authorities around the world. These reports include terms which explain the material and enhance the reader’s understanding.
The database presented here includes the glossary terms from all current technical reports. The database is searchable by keyword, topic, or by technical report. Each definition provided includes a link to the source technical report within the PDA Technical Report Portal.
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- TR 70: Cleaning/Disinfection Programs (25)
- TR 69: Bioburden/Biofilm Management (17)
- TR 1: Validation: Moist Heat (16)
- TR 13: Environmental Monitoring (15)
- TR 57: Analytical Method Validation (14)
- TR 51: Biological Indicators (13)
- TR 22: Aseptic Process Simulation (13)
- TR 61: Steam in Place (12)
- TR 62: Manual Aseptic Processes (12)
- TR 3: Validation: Dry Heat (12)
- TR 50: Alt. Methods Mycoplasma Testing (11)
- TR 29: Validation: Cleaning (9)
- TR 67: Objectionable Microorganisms (7)
- TR 33: Rapid Micro Methods (7)
- TR 60: Process Validation (6)
- TR 41: Virus Filtration (6)
- TR 45: Depth Filtration (6)
- TR 47: Virus Spikes/Virus Clearance (5)
- TR 56: Phase Appropriate cGMP Application (5)
- TR 57-2: Analytical Method Development (5)
- TR 48: Moist Heat Sterilizer Systems (4)
- TR 14: Validation: Protein Purification Chromatography (4)
- TR 26: Sterilizing Filtration of Liquids (4)
- TR 82: Low Endotoxin Recovery (4)
- TR 28: Process Simulation for Bulk API (4)
- TR 30: Parametric Release (4)
- TR 54-4: QRM: Biotech Drug Substance (3)
- TR 63: Clinical Trials Material Preparation (3)
- TR 71: Emerging Methods for Virus Detection (3)
- TR 74: Reprocessing of Biopharmaceuticals (3)
- TR 83: Virus Contamination in Biomanufacturing: Risk Mitigation, Preparedness, and Response (3)
- TR 88: Microbial Data Deviation Investigations in the Pharmaceutical Industry (3)
- TR 79: Particulate Matter Control in Difficult to Inspect Parenterals (3)
- TR 77: The Manufacture of Sterile Pharmaceutical Products Using Blow-Fill-Seal Technology (3)
- TR 42: Validation: Protein Manufacturing (3)
- TR 49: Validation: Cleaning Biotech (2)
- TR 54-3: QRM: Drug Products (2)
- TR 55: TBA/TCA Detection Mitigation (2)
- TR 15: Validation: TFF in Biopharmaceuticals (2)
- TR 85: Enhanced Test Methods - Visible Particle Detection/Enumeration Closures/Containers (2)
- TR 78: Particulate Matter in Oral Dosage Forms (2)
- TR 54-5: Quality Risk Management for the Design, Qualification, and Operation of Manufacturing Systems (2)
- TR 43: Glass Defects (2)
- TR 52: Supply Chain GDP (1)
- TR 58: Temp Controlled Distribution (1)
- TR 73: Prefilled Syringe User Requirements for Biotech Applications (1)
- TR 84: Integrating Data Integrity Requirements into Manufacturing & Packaging Operations (1)
- TR 38: Manufacturing Chromatography Systems Postapproval Changes (ChromPAC) (1)
Filter By Technical Report Keyword
- Manufacturing (153)
- Sterile Processing (153)
- Validation (97)
- Biotechnology (84)
- Quality Risk Management/QRM (76)
- Virus (19)
- Combination Products (18)
- Filtration (17)
- Packaging Science (16)
- Technology Transfer (14)
- Inspections (8)
- Vaccines (8)
- Prefilled Syringes/PFS (3)
- Visual Inspection (3)
- Supply Chain (2)
Filter By Technical Report Category
Accelerated Stability Testing
Studies designed to increase the rate of chemical degradation or physical change of a drug substance or drug product by using exaggerated storage conditions as part of the formal stability studies. (TR57-2)
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Acceptance Limit
The maximum amount of residue allowed in a product, in an analytical sample, or as an amount per surface area. (TR29)
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Accuracy
The closeness of the actual test results obtained by the new method to the actual test results obtained by the existing method. (TR33) An analytical procedure expresses the closeness of agreement between the value that is accepted either as a conventional true value or an accepted reference value and the value found. This is sometimes termed trueness. (TR57)
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Action Level
An established microbial or airborne particle level that, when exceeded, indicates a process is outside of its normal operating range. A response to such an excursion should involve a documented investigation and corrective actions based on the results of that investigation. (TR13)
An established microbial or non-viable particle level that, when exceeded, should trigger appropriate investigation and corrective action based on the investigation. (TR22)
An established microbial or airborne particle level for environmental, water or gas monitoring that, when exceeded, indicates that a facility process is outside of its normal operating range. The response to such an excursion involves a documented investigation and corrective actions based on the results of that investigation. The prescribed action level is often specified in guidance or standards relating to environmental monitoring and water quality. (TR69)
An established microbial or nonviable particle level for environmental, water, or gas monitoring that, when exceeded, indicates a facility or process is outside of its normal operating range. The response to such an excursion may involve a documented investigation and corrective actions based on the results. The prescribed action level is often specified in guidances or standards relating to environmental monitoring and water quality (3-6). (TR88)
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Action Level (environmental monitoring)
An established microbial or non-viable particle level that, when exceeded, should trigger appropriate investigation and corrective action based on the investigation. (TR22)
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Action Limit
An internal (in-house) value used to assess the consistency of the process. The cause of the excursion should be investigated and documented and corrective action is generally required. Action limits are not specifications. (TR42)
An established internal (in-house) data-based value which is part of the control strategy and used to assess the consistency of the manufacturing process. An action limit excursion result in an investigation, identification of recovered isolates, root-cause analysis, assessment of a systemic failure and impact on product quality and patient safety. (TR69)
An established internal (in-house) data-based value that is part of the control strategy and used to assess the consistency of the manufacturing process. An action limit excursion result in an investigation, identification of recovered isolates, root-cause analysis, assessment of a systemic failure and impact on product quality and patient safety. (TR74)
A limit that, when exceeded, indicates a process is outside of its normal operating range. A response to such an excursion should involve a documented investigation and corrective actions based on the results of that investigation. (TR60)
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Action Plan
A written plan consisting of elements to be accomplished to achieve a specific result. The plan describes responsibility for each element and a target date for completion. (TR22)
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Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)
Synonym: Drug Substance. (TR14) (TR42) A substance or mixture of substances that, when delivered in a finished drug product, directly affects the structure or function of the body. (TR54-4) Any substance or mixture of substance intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug (medicinal) product and that, when used in the production of a drug, becomes an active ingredient of the drug product. Such substances are intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure and function of the body. Note: also known as Drug Substance. (TR29) (TR56) (TR41) (TR54-3) (TR60) Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the compounding of a drug preparation, thereby becoming the active ingredient in that preparation and furnishing pharmacological activity o other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans and animals or affecting the structure and function of the body. (TR63) (TR70) Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug product, and that when used in the production of a drug, becomes an active ingredient in the drug product. Such substances are intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure and function of the body. (TR74)
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Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Equivalent to Drug Substance for large molecules
Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug (medicinal) product and that, when used in the production of drug, becomes an active ingredient of the drug product. Such substances are intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure and function of the body. (TR60)
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Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Starting Material
A raw material, intermediate, or an API that is used in the production of an API and that is incorporated as a significant structural fragment into the structure of the API. An API Starting Material can be an article of commerce, a material purchased from one or more suppliers under contract or commercial agreement, or produced in-house. API Starting Materials normally have defined chemical properties and structures. (TR60)
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Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) or (Drug substance)
Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug (medicinal) product and when used in the production of a drug, becomes an active ingredient of the drug product (also called “drug substance”). (TR29) Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug (medicinal) product and that, when used in the production of a drug, becomes an active ingredient in the drug product. Such substances are intended to furnish pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease or to affect the structure and function of the body. (TR54-3) Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the compounding of a drug preparation, thereby becoming the active ingredient in that preparation and furnishing pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans and animals or affecting the structure and function of the body. (TR63)
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Activity
Ability of endotoxin (LPS) to initiate the LAL cascade in the compendial bacterial endotoxins test (BET) assay, or the ability to elicit a pyrogenic response in a compendial pyrogen test (2,10). Activity can be measured by other assays such as the monocyte activation test (MAT) or recombinant Factor C tests (rFc), if such tests have been validated, to demonstrate that decisions made from the results are comparable to or superior to the compendial assay. Activity is measured in endotoxin units (EU). In terms of activity, one EU = one IU, regardless of the source. Activity is generally expressed as a concentration, usually EU/mL.(TR82)
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Advanced Aseptic Process
A process in which direct intervention with open product containers or exposed product contact surfaces by operators wearing conventional cleanroom garments is not required and never permitted. (TR77)
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Adventitious Agents
A foreign material that is introduced inadvertently; not natural or hereditary (as in microbial, chemical, or biochemical contamination of a purified substance). (TR 69)
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Adverse Event (AE) Report
An AE report is a communication to the U.S. FDA of an undesirable sign or symptom associated with use of a drug as required and detailed by 21 CFR 314.80. These reports are logged into the U.S. FDA’s Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS). Drug manufacturers are required to report adverse event information to FDA. These reports may also may be voluntarily submitted to the FDA directly by healthcare professionals or the general public at Med Watch. The reports are reviewed, safety issues are monitored, and data are periodically analyzed and assessed by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). (TR55)
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Aerobic Microorganism
A microorganism that utilizes oxygen as the final electron acceptor during metabolism; a microorganism that will grow primarily in the presence of oxygen. For the purpose of this report, this definition encompasses facultative anaerobes. (TR22) (TR62)
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Aggregation
Clumping of proteins, viruses, or bacteria that may arise from several mechanisms and may be classified in numerous ways, including soluble/insoluble, covalent/noncovalent, reversible/irreversible, and native/denatured. (TR47)
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Air Removal Test
A test used to evaluate air removal and steam penetration in an empty sterilizer that is used for porous/hard goods load sterilization (e.g., Bowie-Dick Test, DART, Lantor Cube, Browns’ Test). (TR01) (TR 48)
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Airborne Particulate Count (Total Particulate Count)
The total number of particles of a specific size per unit volume of air. (TR13)
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Airborne Viable Particulate Count (Total Airborne Aerobic Microbial Count)
The total number of particles of a specific size per unit volume of air. (TR13)
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Airlock
A room that controls the airflow between two rooms of different classification. (TR 70)
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Alert Level
An established microbial or nonviable particle level giving early warning of potential drift from normal operating conditions; not necessarily grounds for definitive corrective action but typically requires follow-up investigation. (TR13) (TR22) (TR69)
An established level that, when exceeded, is giving an early warning of a potential drift from normal operating conditions; while not necessarily grounds for definitive corrective action, it typically requires follow-up review. (TR 60)
An established microbial or nonviable particle level giving early warning of potential drift from normal operating conditions; not necessarily grounds for definitive corrective action, but typically requires follow-up investigation (3, 4, 7). (TR88)
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Alert Limit
An established internal (in-house) data-based value giving early warning of potential drift of manufacturing process from normal operating conditions and triggers appropriate follow-up investigations. Alert limits are always lower than action limits. (TR69)
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Alternative or Rapid Microbiological Method (RMM)
A novel, modern and/or fast microbiological testing method that is different from a classical or traditional growth-based method, such as agar-plate counting or recovery in liquid broth media. The alternative or rapid method may utilize instrumentation and software to manage the testing and resulting data, and may provide quantitative, qualitative and/or microbial identification test results. Automated technologies that utilize classical growth-based methods may also be designated as being novel, modern or rapid, based on their scientific principle and approach to microbial detection. The terms alternative, rapid microbiological method, rapid method and the acronym RMM are used interchangeably within this technical report. (TR33)
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Anaerobic Microorganism
A microorganism that does not utilize oxygen as the final electron acceptor during metabolism; microorganism that will grow only in the absence of oxygen. (TR62)(TR22)
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Antimicrobial Chemical Agent
Substance used to destroy or suppress the growth of microorganisms, whether bacteria, fungi, or viruses, on inanimate objects and surfaces. (TR70)
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Area Disinfection
Disinfection of floors, walls, ceilings, and other surfaces. (TR70)
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Aseptic Processing
Handling sterile materials in a controlled environment, in which the air supply, facility, materials, equipment and personnel are regulated to control microbial and particulate contamination to acceptable levels. (TR28) (TR62) (TR69) Handling of sterile product, containers, and/ or devices in a controlled environment in which the air supply, materials, equipment, and personnel are regulated to maintain (product) sterility. (TR13)
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Aseptic Processing Area (APA)
Controlled environment, consisting of several zones, in which the air supply, facility, materials, equipment and personnel are regulated to control microbial and particulate contamination to acceptable levels. (TR22) (TR28) (TR62) (TR70)
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Aseptic Processing Simulation (APS)
A means for establishing the capability of an aseptic process as performed using a growth medium. (TR22) (TR62)
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Attachment (Adhesion)
Discrete association of a microorganism with an animate or inanimate surface. (TR69)
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Automated Inspection
Consists of mechanical handling and presentation of product containers combined with automated inspection of the filled containers using image analysis and/or light obscuration. (TR79)
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Bias
A systematic difference in a method that manifests itself as a deviation of the method mean from an expected value. (TR57) Total systematic error, in contrast to random error. Measurement centered on the true result is said to be unbiased or have no systematic error. The distance between the center of a large (infinite) number of measurements and the correct value is the bias. (TR 57-2)
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Bioanalytical Test Method
A method used to assess the presence of analytes (chemical or biological) in biological samples (e.g., serum, plasma, etc.). (TR57)
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Bioassay
Analysis (as of a drug) to quantify the biological activity(ies) of one or more components by determining its capacity for producing an expected biological activity. (TR57)
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Bioburden
The total number of microorganisms per unit of material prior to sterilization. (TR13) Total number of viable microorganisms on or in a health care product prior to sterilization. (TR22)(TR61)(TR62) A population of viable microorganisms in a fluid prior to sterilizing filtration. (TR26) A measure of the contaminating organisms found in or on a given amount of material before it undergoes a sterilization process. (TR45) (TR70) The number of detectable microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) with which an object is contaminated. It is measured in CFU (colony forming units). (TR47) The number of viable, contaminating microorganisms present on a product immediately prior to decontamination. (TR51) Viable microbial contaminants associated with personnel manufacturing environments (air and surfaces), equipment, product packaging, raw materials (including water), in-process materials, and finished products. (TR 67) (TR 69)
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Biofouling (or Biological Fouling)
Accumulation and subsequent deleterious effects of biological contaminants on engineered products or processes (TR 69)
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Biological Active Substance
Manufactured biological active substances and medicinal products involving biological processes and materials, such as cultivation of cells or extraction from living organisms. (TR56)
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Biological Activity
Property that describes the specific ability or capacity of a product to achieve a defined biological effect. (TR57)
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Biological Indicator (BI)
An inoculated carrier contained within its primary pack ready for use and providing a defined resistance to the specified sterilization process. (TR51)
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Biological Medicinal Product
A product (therapeutic or prophylactic) for human use that has been manufactured in or from a biological source. Examples include recombinant therapeutic proteins or vaccines. Biological medicinal products are also referred to as: biological medicines, biological products, biologics and biologic drugs. (TR 71)
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Biological Qualification
A component of performance qualification that demonstrates, by use of biological indicators, that the required lethality (FBIO) is achieved consistently throughout the load. (TR1) (TR3) (TR30) A component of performance qualification that demonstrates, by use of biological indicators, that the required lethality (FBIO) or spore log reduction (SLR) is achieved consistently throughout the sterilized or sanitized portion of the SIP system. (TR61)
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Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)
An enclosed, ventilated workspace with engineering controls designed to remove or minimize exposure to hazardous biological materials. A BSC is a principle device to provide containment of infectious splashes or aerosols generated by many microbiological procedures. BSCs are designed to provide personnel, environmental and product protection when appropriate practices and procedures are followed. A cabinet that is designed to protect the operator and the environment from the hazards of handling infected material and other dangerous biological. (TR62)
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Biological Tests
Biological tests include animal, cell culture, or biochemical based testing that measures a biological, biochemical, or physiological response. (TR38)
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Biologics License Application (BLA)
An application, filed with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which contains specific information on the manufacturing processes, chemistry, pharmacology, clinical pharmacology and the medical effects of the biologic product (similar function as the Marketing Authorization Application in Europe). (TR56)
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Biomethylation
The enzyme chlorophenol o-methyltransferase responsible for fungal methylation has been isolated in cell-free extracts. Biomethylation, in this context, may be seen as a detoxification mechanism, although it plays a role in the production of mycotoxins by secondary metabolism. Slightly xerophilic fungi frequently associated halophenol biomethylation include Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma virgatum, Aspergillus sydowii, and Penicillium islandicum. (TR55)
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Break-loose Force
Energy required to initiate plunger movement within the syringe barrel upon injection. (TR 73)
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CE Marking
The CE marking is a key indicator of a product’s compliance with EU legislation and enables the free movement of products within the European market. (TR58)
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Carrier
A solid support upon which the test organism used in biological monitoring is inoculated. (TR51)
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Characterization Method
Scientifically sound method of a generally complex nature that is used for nonroutine assessment of specific biochemical, chemical, physicochemical, immunochemical, microbiological, and biological characteristics or inherent properties of a compound. (TR 57-2)