He received his BS in biology from the University of Massachusetts and his PhD in microbiology from the University of Maryland. He worked for the US-FDA for 19 years serving as a Microbiology Reviewer, Branch Chief, and Director of the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research’s Division of Microbiology Assessment. He has served on several PDA interest groups and USP expert committees to help develop and improve industry and compendial standards for microbiological and particulate matter quality in injectable products.